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WebMoral Philosophy Ethical Theories on Animals. The treatment of animals has historically evolved along with human beings' changing views of them. A number of theories WebMoral philosophy is very valuable to everyone’s life. Morals are proper for everyone, and since they are based on metaphysics, and metaphysics transcends differences, they are WebMar 30, · The purpose of this essay is to describe the relevance of ancient philosophy to the morality of today. This essay will examine how the Platonic school of WebSep 16, · Personal moral philosophy Since I was a small child, the concept of morality was something that I valued very much. To be precise, many of the decisions WebEthics and Morality in Philosophy Essay. Decent Essays. Words. 4 Pages. Open Document. Morality has always been an unacknowledged and crucial role in defining ... read more
A Reference Guide to Hedonism. Webster's Digital Services. Edwards, R. Pleasures and Pain: A theory of qualitative hedonism. Feldman, F. Pleasure and the Good Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and Plausibility of Hedonism. Oxford University Press. Utilitarianism, Hedonism, and Desert: Essays in Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Moreover, caring for her mother, the other option, would surely: a create a feeling of being "unfulfilled" which brings with it depression and resentfulness; b leave her with nothing to look forward to but the dark day when her mother actually passes away; and c realize after a short time that she is not "a Mother Teresa" and that her live would be diminished Stuart, hat does Stuart believe is the right choice for Alice?
Stuart asserts that the virtue that carries the most weight in this instance is having Alice care for her mother. Giving up her career for her mother would outweigh the "…virtues of perseverance, love of truth…and self-knowledge" should she decide to go forward with her dissertation hat Stuart also mentions -- and this is a prime reason for this writer to believe Alice should find a competent person to be a caregiver for…. Hill, T. Mautner, Thomas. Rivera, Lisa. Cicero's " Practical Code of Behavior" Cicero in his "A Practical Code of Behavior" wrote as if writing a letter to his son telling the boy ways to live and be a proper person. In truth, this was only a literary device, and Cicero was actually writing a moral code for the aristocracy of his time.
This is indicated as he cites a number of aristocratic authorities in the beginning of his letter, holding up Publius Cornelius Scipio as the ideal to be emulated and the man who conquered Hannibal at Zama in B. Clearly, Cicero is speaking to the educated class, for he expects his readers to be familiar with philosophy and with the tenets of philosophic inquiry, for "every part of philosophy is fruitful and rewarding, none barren or desolate" Moral philosophy in particular is "indispensable" and it is a moral philosophy that Cicero is…. Moral Objectivism to Moral Skepticism a According to Kant, what is the difference between "a posteriori" knowledge and "a priori" knowledge?
What kind of knowledge would the statement "All triangles have three sides" be? What about the statement "The 44th U. President is African-American"? A posteriori knowledge is knowledge 'after the fact' or knowledge based upon experience, versus a priori knowledge, which is knowledge which can be based upon pure, deductive reasoning Johnson The idea that all triangles by definition have three sides can be known a priori, based upon mathematical, deductive logic. However, the statement that the 44th U. President is an African-American requires experience to understand, given that the president's race regardless of what that race might be does not logically flow from the condition of being president. b Upon a Utilitarian account, would the statement "The assassination of MLK was wrong" be an example of a….
Johnson, R. Kant's moral philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Palmer, A. Arguments from queerness and relativity. Mission to Transition. One relativistic belief that I find that some people hold is regarding abortion. Consider situation: You ill life support. You a transplant organs continue living. More precisely, the first step in determining whether the course of action one is about to take is morally correct or not is to actually formulate that action and provide a reasoning for it. Secondly, it is important to consider that action and that reasoning multiplied at a universal level, thought of this action as being a universal law…. Kerstein, S. New York University. d Means and ends.
Stanford Enciclopedia of Phylosophy. Available at. Philosophy While there is plenty to criticize in the work of Descartes, Locke, and Hume, one cannot justifiably claim that Jose Vasconcelos criticisms of traditional Western views on the nature of knowledge apply to these theorists if only because Vasconcelos' criticisms do not really apply to anything, as his criticisms are largely based on straw men. This is not to say that traditional Western views on the nature of knowledge should be free from criticism, but rather that the problems with these traditional views are more fundamental than Vasconcelos realizes, to the point that Vasconcelos suffers from many of these same issues.
Essentially, both Vasconcelos and the previously mentioned authors suffer from a simply ignorance regarding the functioning of the human brain, the nature of consciousness and memory, and the evolutionary processes by which organisms and ideas evolve, with this ignorance born out of an implicit or explicit maintenance of…. Since a hypothetical imperative represents one of many possibilities that are only means to an end, they cannot be objectively necessary, and therefore do not have the same command over human behavior as a categorical imperative. As Kant notes, commands are laws that we must obey, even when they contradict our inclinations b If we treat others as a means to an end, then we use them in service of another goal.
However, if we treat others as an end in themselves, then we respect them without regard to any other goals or ends. To treat someone as a means to an end is to make them less important than some end result, whereas to treat someone as an end in themselves makes them the final and most important consideration. Slavery may be the most offensive example of using others as a means to an end, but there are…. Moral and Emotional Responses to the Challenge of Thrasymachus Might makes right. So suggests the character of Thrasymachus in Plato's "Republic. The proper role of morality in both reason and the emotions is dependant simply upon what one wants to do, at that point in time, and how one can best achieve one's objective.
In politics, the strongest person defines what is just and moral, because the strongest person will always rule according to the real world laws of the political jungle. Socrates, of course, offers the opposing view, that only the wisest should rule, the philosopher kings of the ideal state, who put subjective emotion aside and rule purely by objective reason. While Thrasymachus suggests that 'the world,' that is the material existence around us including our emotions should be the ultimate proving-ground of any moral…. Philosophies of Life: Personal and Traditional hen one considers the many aspects of one's "inner life," it becomes clear that most, if not all of them are based upon some philosophical conception.
Psychologists have long known that individuals, who have a strong sense of their life's purpose, as well as a spiritual, religious, or ethical viewpoint, tend to live longer, healthier lives. Further, they are less likely to suffer from depressive episodes Hassad, Although each person's individual "philosophy of life" is different, there are some well-known philosophical interpretations that can shed some light upon common attitudes concerning personal identity. Six famous life philosophies are attributed to Socrates, Freud, Albert Camus, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Muhammad. Although there are several ways in which one can interpret the meaning of life and personal identity, perhaps one of the most useful steps one can take in the process is to recognize….
Locke, John. Retrieved from Web site on May 3, Hassad, Craig J. Web site. The central ideas about this knowledge may be categorized into four parts: knowledge, wisdom, belief, and opinion. Some are individualized -- some culturally based, some based solely on sensory perception, and some, from consideration. In its most practical state, "knowledge" may be information about which we are aware -- facts, figures, accepted truths, ways of doing things. Wisdom, in contrast, takes that knowledge and allows individuals to make judgments and decisions based on knowledge -- presumably gained through experience or the process of learning. Belief is a culturally thus cognitively based make up of what we hold to be true simply because we innately know it without the need of proof or method.
Opinion, is a personalized belief of judgment that has no proof, no certainty, but generally takes in information whether correct or not and synthesizes it into an idea that allows for individuals to have stands and strong…. Philosophy of Life Humans have a distinguishing nature, which defines the way they think, act, and feel. The human nature has influenced the culture that humans have kept with each other. In my observation, humans have a distinct culture that defines their operations and activities. For many years, many studies have been carried out to establish the human nature, which defines all human beings.
Various views on the nature of human beings have been developed to explain human behaviors and mannerisms. Aristotle and Plato argued that humans may be explained as conjugal animals because they couple when adults to build household. It is also argued that humans are political animals with the potential of developing complex communities besides being mimetic Oruka, ecent years have seen the development of modern views on the nature of humans, such as, a being with potency to think, develop, and replicate. This modern view…. Corning, P. The Fate of Humankind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evernden, L. Humankind and Environment. New York: University of Toronto Press. Oruka, O. Philosophy, Humanity and Ecology. London: DIANE Publishing. Kant then distinguishes between two basic kinds of maxims: material and formal principles. If I am acting in order to satisfy some desire, such as going to a Starbucks to get a coffee, that is acting on a material principle. According to Kant, maxims are rules that describe how one does act and imperatives prescribe how one should act. A categorical imperative commands that I should act in some way unconditionally. Kant regards these categorical imperatives as moral laws and they apply to everyone in the same way.
In other words, if stealing is morally wrong, we cannot say that stealing is okay. Part II Kant's Categorical Imperative commands that we should act in some…. McCormick, M. Rohlf, Michael, "Immanuel Kant," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall Edition ,. Edward N. Zalta ed. Philosophy general Given that experience is argued to be the foundation of knowledge according to Locke how - if at all - does Locke make room for what Leibniz would call 'necessary truths'? Gottfried Leibniz made many criticisms of the work of John Locke, while acknowledging its sophistication and importance, observing that 'although the author of the Essays says hundreds of fine things which I applaud, our systems are very different' Leibniz, , p.
There is indeed a philosophical gulf between the two thinkers. Locke does not believe human beings can have any access to accurate knowledge of the actually existing reality of things, their 'real essence. Leibniz, G. New Essays on Human Understanding. Translated by P. Remnant and J. Translated by Robert Latta. Locke, J. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Philosophy Socrates was a proud citizen of Athens. He loved his native state so much that when he was condemned before her courts, he prefered to be sentences to death instead of exile, because to be away from Athens would have been unbearable to him. He had fought bravely in her wars and won great acclaim, and laid his life on the line for her protection. Considering the degree of patriotism with which Socrates was endowed, it is strange and ironic that he was brought up on charges of corrupting the youth and challenging the laws of his state.
It may in fact have been Socrates' passion for the egalitarian values of Athens that led to his prosection and death. As the first democracy, ancient Athens was a society where lawsuits ran rampant. In that day many people seemed to scorn the constant suing, and it was a matter of…. However, in principle, the rules and laws of society merely ensure our freedom from unwanted behavior of others. In many cases, in fact, the particular rules themselves are purely arbitrary, such as the simple rules of the road about stopping on a red signal and going on a green signal because the reverse rule would be just as good. The purpose of the rules of the road are simply to protect us from accidents. Likewise, acquiring a drivers' license as a condition of driving is intended to ensure that anybody who drives a heavy vehicle capable of maiming and killing is competent to do so without exposing others to risks.
Other rules of society are much harder to justify because they regulate conduct that affects nobody else. For example, prohibiting driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs have a legitimate purpose of protecting others. On the other hand, prohibitions…. Russell, B. London: Routledge. Philosophy Socrates has been accused of not recognizing the gods of the state, and also of inventing gods of his own. In fact, this is a two-part accusation. Socrates is first being accused for not believing in the state-sanctioned religion. Of course, it is impossible to know what Socrates does or does not believe.
Based on his words, though, it would seem Socrates does actually believe in the gods although may not pay them the kind of respect that the Athenian courts would prefer. The second part of the accusation is different. Here, the state accuses Socrates of inventing new divinities of his own. Socrates is in fact not starting a new religion and he does not tout the divine authority of any deity. If the accusation is taken collectively, that is, if declaration of guilt or innocence is made on the fulfillment of both these two parts, then Socrates…. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. When we consider our own philosophies about many things, we are forced to make judgments determining what is most important to us.
It is only through this kind of examination that we really learn what our real beliefs and values are. In addition, through this kind of examination, we have the ability to become so in-tune with our philosophies that we make decisions that truly reflect what we believe without having to ponder deeply. It is for this reason that an examination of our philosophies has a practical value to daily living. Thus, philosophy is not simply something practiced by the ancient scholars. Instead, it is a practical tool that helps us better understand ourselves. Through both philosophy and an examination of our philosophies, we look at our world in an enlightened, purposeful manner, and we have the ability to better understand it. Philosophy The Value of Philosophy: The subject of philosophy concerns itself with understanding of the self, humanity and the universe in an attempt to arrive at or define a "unified, coherent, systematic world view.
While it is true that philosophy may be considered to be eternally evolving, perhaps in keeping with the very evolution of human kind, the fact is that the study of philosophy holds immense personal and practical value for the simple self-evident truth that philosophy pervades every aspect of life: " a moral being, a social and political animal, an appreciator of art and beauty, a perceiver and knower, a scientist, a religionist all these aspects of humanity and self are areas of…. Philosophy Kant's Theories of Good Will One of Kant's examples of good well is an action that is taken with good intentions; he calls it good because the volition of the action is good. There is no good will in an action taken for the good it might do for others or for the good it might do potentially for the person taking the action.
Kant's sense of good will dictates that good will is not good for what the consequences it effects. Kant's concept of good will dictates that something is not good because of how appropriate the action is toward accomplishing a specific end. Even if the action taken did not result in the desired action or even a good action, the value of the good will is not lost, forgotten, or diminished. Good will rises above personal motivation or desire of the person taking the action and…. Please essays document. Please plagiarize. Be paraphrase verbatim language authors putting quotation marks. You document sources, -text citation footnotes a reference page.
Philosophy John Arthur's "Morality, Religion, and Conscience," A concern on the relationship between morality and religion is an ancient argument that continues in philosophy in the present times. The argument is mainly on whether morality emanates from an institution or religious background. Theologians in their numbers provide unwavering support the argument that a unifying absolute force or God provides universal moral guidance. The importance of observing morality and religion as independent on one another but related in some way has been argued by other philosophers Lyons John Arthur argues that morality and religion are not interlocking in relevant manners.
Arthur argues that morality in independent from religion and religion does not influence moral action. It is his contention…. Arthur, J. edition, by John Arthur. Upper Saddle River, N. Hare, R. Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method and Point. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Lyons, William. Merle, Jean-Christophe. The ultimate evil, as opposed to the ultimate 'badness' is to deny higher humanity's potential to individually realize its aims in a state of freedom. Any attempt to create a philosophy that is eternal, and transcends time and space, and must hem in human freedom is a lie and a product of a particular individual's psyche, rather than an external reality. Faith and feeling, even intellectual knowledge, is a product of a would-be master's physical and mental state of being, and nothing else.
Thus, a person with a slave mentality will by definition produce an enslaving system of morality, which Nietzsche believes is characteristic of Christianity, which champions the weak above the strong. The more slave-like the mentality, the more the individual will fear the strong, and use morality as a tool against the strong people whom he fears. It might seem that Nietzsche's vision of morality, because it denies…. hat is needed, then, is a concept of free will that can effectively counter the claims of naturalists that there is no physical basis for free will.
It requires a different kind of free will that permits moral responsibility to be leveled squarely at the individual without ignoring the reality that sometimes there are external causes to internal decisions. In fact, some philosophers have even used the conceptual tools of the naturalists to make the argument that free will can exist in a deterministic world. Daniel Dennet argues that the deterministic universe provides the reliable framework of reality by which informed, individual choices can be made Bailey par. ithout some determinism in the universe, it would be impossible for free will to functionally exist, because no one would ever be able to make a rational choice in a purely chaotic world.
So free will requires some level of determinism. Bailey, Ronald. Clark, Tom. D'Holbach, Baron. Louis P. Frost, S. Basic Teachings of the Great Philosophers. New York: Anchor Books, This means that if someone has a problem with a law, there is an opportunity for that person to take action that can result in the law being changes. This is an opportunity that Socrates had. As noted, he was aware that he was disobeying moral laws. However, he also acted as if the laws did not exist and failed to recognize the reality of them. In doing so, he lost his opportunity to change them. In doing so, he also rejected the fact that he does exist as part of a larger system and ignored the fact that the laws still exist for everyone else, regardless of whether he accepts them.
In considering Socrates' opinions on the laws, it seems that if he felt strongly enough to reject them, he should have felt strongly enough to take some action to change them. This is Socrates problem, where he both…. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, It is also hard to tell how much unhappiness is created and how to weigh it against the happiness that is created e. Further, quantification of happiness or suffering becomes a real issue when trying to determine things on a macro scale. For example, does the tiniest amount of world happiness outweigh a huge amount of individual suffering?
How much world happiness is necessary if not? Second, utilitarianism relies on the outcomes of the actions in order to determine morality. If war breaks out and all of the United States is whipped out because George begrudgingly did his job, dragging his feet the whole time, then his action to take the job was wrong. He would have caused the devastation…. Because of their unwillingness to wear protective equipment they are putting the entire workforce at risk for injury. The advantage of using this theory is that it allows one to come up with a fairly simple equation that can be used to determine the number of people affected and by how much.
There are many elements of subjectiveness when trying to apply this theory, but in this particular case I feel that the danger that all workers would be exposed to far outweighs some individuals that would be happier not wearing their protective equipment. Not only is their danger to the workers but there is also dangers to the plant as a whole. If a…. Shaw, W. Moral issues in business. USA: Thomson. Moral Criticisms of the Market Moral Criticisms Market This assignment requires read article Ken S. Note article, Ewert defending free market "Christian Socialists. Ewert's criticisms of 'Christian socialists' in light of current debates on other types of economic policies today.
Ewert portrays Christian, leftist defenders of socialism as impervious to logic, in contrast to other former critics of capitalism, who grew more acclimated to capitalist principles in light of the failure of the Soviet Union Similar criticisms are made of 21st century religious fundamentalists, who stress the need for private enterprise to address societal problems 'on principle,' even when public regulation might be helpful and who try to define science, including science education, in religious terms rather than in terms of…. Moral Skepticism and Knowledge Moral Skepticism and Moral Knowledge Morality is a much debated philosophical idea, wherein the arguments range from ethical egoism being the perfect sample of moral ethics to altruism being the perfect -- and otherwise opposite -- viewpoint.
Both ideas have strong followings, and ethical egoism along is broadened to even more branches within philosophical studies. There is still much reconciliation to be done between the various problems of philosophical thought and ethical egoism or lack thereof. Ethical Egoism Ethical egoism is a particular form of egoism where one who is moral "ought" to do what is in one's self-interest. The morality behind egoism generally points toward the idea of self-interest; that a moral being's moral path is by focusing on one's self. This type of egoism should not be mistaken for psychological egoism, however. Psychological egoism makes a claim that beings act only in their self-interest. Blackburn, Simon.
The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford UP, Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature,. London: J. Jefferson, Thomas. Rand, Ayn, and Leonard Peikoff. Atlas Shrugged. New York, NY: Signet, Further Consideration of the Issues: Actually, Singer's use of the term absolute affluence is not perfectly analogous because the corresponding analog to the conditions of absolute poverty are those of extravagant wealth not working class wealth , but the idea itself is still valid just the same. The point is simply that once human society in part of the world reached the point where even most of those considered "poor" receive adequate nutrition, shelter, and the most basic emergency medical care etc.
It is important that Singer acknowledges the difference between ideals that people should uphold and ideals that people must uphold, because it is likely impossible to establish a logical justification for compelled charity,…. He did so, his client was convicted, and now his client is appealing that conviction. In the meantime, there was no way that his client could have given him those details of the other rapes unless he had committed them, so the lawyer knows that he is guilty of the other crimes. Whether the lawyer is concerned about his client and whether he will be prosecuted for the other crimes if he tells the D. must cross the lawyer's mind. However, the fact that the client was almost gloating about the way he did not get caught and how he will get out of prison 'while he is young and can still have some fun' would likely be upsetting to the moral compass of the lawyer.
Those who argue that lawyers do not have morals are misguided. Lawyers simply do what they are required to do for their jobs and…. Philosophy and Psychology of the Mind and Body Throughout human history, philosophers, doctors, and most recently, psychologists, have attempted to understand the relationship between the mind and body and how it results in human beings' awareness and perception of reality. Reason is drawn upon in human beings grasping the condition they are in. As a result, the feelings and desires of human beings rely in situational appreciation. The attitude people take towards a given condition is because of the comprehension they take towards their condition and judgment of the values of the situation.
A person's desires and feelings are dependent on reason, and they are intimately linked to the reason exercise. People's feelings are not arbitrary, and they are determined through the significance that people assign to some aspects of themselves and the world. Someone who does not enjoy fine actions is not good," says Aristotle a Kant, it seems, would not agree. Explain in detail why each takes the position he does and how he defends that position. Which view do you find more plausible? According to Aristotle, every action holds a final cause, which is the good at which the activity aims. He argues that the lack of an inestimable relapse of just extrinsic goods gives way to the greatest good through which, all human actions ultimately aims Aristotle The ultimate end of human actions is happiness.
Human beings' 'good' must in essence entail the whole apposite function of human life , and this must be a soul action that expresses genuine excellence or virtue. Aristotle argues that when people choose to undertake an activity, they do it in a view to some end. However, a person who performs a virtuous action does not do it virtuously unless he chooses it for itself. Actions are carried out for the sake of other aspects, and actions that people undertake are not themselves the ends with a view to which they undertake them. Aristotle states that whereas contemplation does not aim at any end beyond itself, fine actions aim at some end, and are not desirable for their own sake. Doing good and noble actions is a thing desirable for its own sake, and such actions are desirable in themselves from which nothing is hunted beyond the activity.
What makes a painful action pleasant is the fineness of the end the virtuous person aim at Miller The virtuous person acts with pleasure because he acts for the sake of the fine. Fine actions are those actions whose benefit is enjoyed after As a result, someone who does not enjoy virtuous action is not good. However, Aristotle conceptualization of morality brought light to some of the controversies that face moral philosophy after him. Instead of describing morality, Aristotle offered a subjective conceptualization of morality suggested through his virtuous traits. Following Aristotle's, a disagreement whether rationality and emotion functioned as the basis of morality started to develop. Immanuel Kant came down opposing Aristotle's views. While Kant believes that reason should be the foundation of morality, he regarded emotion as the same kind of hindrance to truly moral conduct Kant With respect to fine actions, the will of a person is the only thing that can be considered virtuous, a good will, is intrinsically good.
A good will is good not because of what it accomplishes, or because of its fitness to attain some proposed end. Kant argues that end cannot justify the means, and the means and the ends cannot take the place of will. Kant maintains that good will is necessary good, and fine actions are not performed for the sake of fine, but out of good will. It is fine for if an obligatory activity is carried out for the good will However, Kant's idea of good is more compelling than that of Aristotle. This is because Kant addressed the concept of good in a collective manner via the categorical human being's imperatives. Kant suggests that to do an action from duty is to do it out of respect for moral law as opposed to doing it from any inclination or from any liking for the expected, actual or intended upshots of action Tamborini 4.
Some actions agreement with duty, but are done from emotions of sympathy and love. Such actions are fine and amiable and deserve inspiration and praise, but lack moral worth, and do not deserve esteem. Hume claims that "moral distinctions [are] not deriv'd from reason" title of T. Book III Part I Section I, p. Explain why Hume and Kant disagree and how each supports his position. Which view do you find more convincing? Just like Aristotle, Kant deems that reason is, and should be the foundation of morality Miller With this knowledge the managers of an organization uses this to instill moral ethics to their employees.
That means that moral philosophy can be used to create a culture of honesty through the code of ethics. Discipline is also important in a business and moral philosophy provides guide lines on how employees should be disciplined. With a code of ethics in place the employees have a guide to how to deal with ethical dilemmas and they have knowledge of what will happen to them if they do not follow them. Moral philosophy also determines how employees relate with their managers. This is because how managers relate with their employee is an issue of business ethics and with the code in place then the relationship is clearly determined at the work place and also outside.
Moral philosophy influence on Behavior Moral philosophies among leaders determine their behavior in general in their environments. The moral judgments of leaders depend on two components which include; value and promoting well being. Therefore moral philosophies are essential for every leadership in a business in order to make wise business decisions. This is because all these are determined by moral beliefs, virtue and attitudes. Impact of moral philosophy on global strategic planning Moral philosophies have a great impact on the global strategic planning. Moral judgments are often a result of moral assumptions rather than have a rational examination of the economical matters.
Having this kind of judgment has led to a better scrutiny of moral policies in the global economy. For example, organizations like Gap on realizing that foreign plants were manufacturing toxic products which were harmful to its employee, residents and its customers and immediate solutions were made in order to curb the problem. Having dealt with these kinds of events the leadership have an obligation to look into the firms that they have to conduct business with to avoid any disasters that may occur if some issues are not well looked into.
Moral Philosophy Can desires and feelings be in accordance with or contrary to reason? Are they under the control of, or guided by, reason? Compare, contrast, and critically evaluate the answers of Aristotle and Hume to these questions and their arguments in support of those answers. David Hume is one of the most significant philosophers of the 18th Century. Hume is skeptical about moral truths, and he ascertains that ethics comes from feelings, and not reason. Hume argues that moral judgments are founded on sentiment, feelings of disapproval or approval and not reason. He furthers ascertains that feelings and desires are independent of reason.
According to Hume, reason handles the connection of concepts or matters of fact. An examination of common moral evils discloses neither links of concepts nor matters of fact, but only sentiment Hume To confirm that desires and feelings are not in accordance with reason, and…. Bentham, Jeremy, John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism and Other Essay. New York: Penguin Hergenhahn, B. An introduction to the history of psychology. New York: Cengage Learning, March 30, Moral Philosophy It is contemporary man's tendency to place himself atop of the evolutionary cycle of human development. Today's man with his technology and his gadgets believes that he is superior to his ancestors in many ways.
Ancient philosophy and the mystery of its origins are still contemplated and studied in wide fashion today, but only by those who understand the timeless importance of truth and necessity. The purpose of this essay is to describe the relevance of ancient philosophy to the morality of today. This essay will examine how the Platonic school of philosophy, inherited by the ideas of Socrates, The Bible and Kant all have considerably contributed to the modern understanding of morality, action, truth and harmony. Although Socrates never wrote one word that has been found, his ideas carried out by the efforts of Plato and his academic efforts allow his ideas to still live.
Solon and…. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Michael D. New York: Oxford University Press, Ethics: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy In essence, it can be said that moral philosophy is the field in which questions about what is good, what is bad, what is right, what is wrong are all dealt with, in addition to certain moral principles that an average human being follows through his lifetime. Some of the more popular questions which may be raised during a moral philosophy session could be: how must one live? Must one live in pursuit of happiness, or of knowledge, or of both? If one happened to choose to pursue happiness, then must it apply to oneself, or to everyone? It is right to lie or to dishonest, if it is for a good cause? It is right to live with all material benefits, while in some parts of the world people are starving to death?
These are just a few of the questions that one…. Ethics" The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed 30 August, Moore, G. Sofroniou, Andreas. Moral Philosophy Ethical Theories on Animals. The treatment of animals has historically evolved along with human beings' changing views of them. A number of theories trace this changing treatment to the Judeo-Christian-Islamic times when people exercised absolute dominion over animals Sanders It was their religious belief that God gave man absolute dominion over animals and to do to them as he pleased or estimated.
French philosopher Rene Descartes and other sadist thinkers reinforced this absolute dominion theory in that, since animals do not have the rational faculties of man, they could be treated as less than human and without mitigation. The non-malevolence theory eliminated mean motives but recognized that man could do what he pleased with animals. This was the position of Hinduism, Jainism and uddhism. German philosopher Immanuel Kant supported the anthropocentric theory, which reduced the dignity of man in proportion to the harm he inflicted on animals. Holt, Tim. The Teleological Argument. Philosophy of Religion, Jones, Roger.
MacDonald, Andrew. Theories of Animal Rights. NSW Young Lawyers Animal Rights Committee, Susan E. Animal Rights: a Bioethical Approach to Our Relationship with Animals. A lecture on Research Animal Methods, September 13, Review the Feldman reading this week about euthanasia and assisted suicide as well as the online article on Christ's physical death. Many argue that assisted suicide or euthanasia is justified because it relieves a person from suffering. What are your thoughts about euthanasia, given what Christ did for us? If I had the liberty of being perfectly honest about my own genuine response to the issue, I would have to admit that I still do not understand the conceptual relevance of Christ's suffering to a living person's moral right to spare himself or herself from suffering when the only escape is death.
To me, allowing a person to escape intractable pain is much more consistent with the notion of God's love and compassion than requiring a person to endure pain against his or her will. Christ did not choose to suffer; his suffering was forced upon him by the wrongful…. This would make the resource pool of charity large enough for the deprived sections of the society. She hands over the boy, earns the money and buys a television to enjoy, only to be told by his neighbor that the boy will be killed and his organs used for human transplant. Dora gets upset and she decides to bring back the boy.
In this situation Dora becomes a pawn of an immoral act without her knowledge following which she suffers from emotional turmoil. Had Dora acted otherwise without expressing any qualms of her actions, the author maintains, the audience would…. Moral decisions in business are best served by adhering to the ethical code of rule ultilitarianism. ule utilitarianism provides a workable code for businesses, especially in the wake of the Enron and WorldCom financial scandals. By adopting rule utilitarianism, businesses can help to prevent serious damage caused by decisions based solely on the consequences of a single act, and instead allow businesses to focus on ethical rules that ensure the best long-term benefit for society.
Utilitarianism is a type of normative ethics, and as such is interested in the practical standards that deal with right and wrong actions. In many ways, normative ethics acts as a "search for an ideal litmus test of proper behavior" The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Further, utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory of ethics, and as such determines ethical conduct by looking at the consequences of actions The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In essence, ultitarianism argues…. Buschert, Will. Notes on Utilitarianism. PHIL Lahart, Justin. The death of confidence: WorldCom's gigantic fraud may send investors to the exits for a long, long time.
com, July 8, AM EDT. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Bentham Utility Jeremy Bentham's philosophical theory of utilitarianism presented a unique metaphysic that may apply to some ways of practical though. The theory itself is an ethical guideline used to help present cases of morality. The theory, developed in the 19th century supposes that right action corresponds with the result that produces the most good. When an action has accomplished such a transition is said to have some sort of utility and therefore useful in its applications. To me, the theory is too dogmatic, confusing and does not address ethics in a very frank and honest way.
To understand this theory and to see how it applies in a personal manner requires an investigation into some of the key terms of the theory to explore their meanings and see how they contribute to the general argument. One issue I have with this theory is its avoidance of quality in respect…. Buckminster Fuller Institute nd. Viewed 3 April Kant Theories and Criticism Kant's Theories and Criticism Kant's Theories and Criticism Kant's work with respect to good will and morality is appreciable but is also criticized in numerous manners.
The philosophical phenomenon of Kant addresses the moral conduct with respect to good will but fails to address this acceptance universally. In this study, the contribution and postulation of Kant are discussed and are enlightened with respect to the critics that are made against his work. To Maria Von Herbert, January To Kant, from Maria Von Herbert Kant has determined the three types of motivation which enables the individuals to carry out certain activities and adopt certain behaviors in their life which comprises on ones' thinking about the rightfulness of that activity, the extent of pleasure related to performing such rightful activities and ones' tendency to be impelled in order to carry out certain tasks.
This degree of motivation…. Kant, I. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Yale University Press. Korsgaard, C. The right to lie: Kant on dealing with evil.
Moral Philosophy Essay,Personal Philosophy : An Organization Level Leader
WebNov 7, · Moral philosophy influence on Behavior Moral philosophies among leaders determine their behavior in general in their environments. The moral WebMar 30, · The purpose of this essay is to describe the relevance of ancient philosophy to the morality of today. This essay will examine how the Platonic school of WebThe term “moral action” is so commonly used in our everyday life, and people put such varying meanings on it, that it may be useful to start by proposing a working model for WebMoral philosophy is very valuable to everyone’s life. Morals are proper for everyone, and since they are based on metaphysics, and metaphysics transcends differences, they are WebSep 16, · Personal moral philosophy Since I was a small child, the concept of morality was something that I valued very much. To be precise, many of the decisions WebMoral Philosophy Ethical Theories on Animals. The treatment of animals has historically evolved along with human beings' changing views of them. A number of theories ... read more
He argued that moral principles cannot be realized through examining people's behavior, but they are derived purely through rationality and reason. Moral judgments are often a result of moral assumptions rather than have a rational examination of the economical matters. This seeks application of ethical concepts to social sphere. Six famous life philosophies are attributed to Socrates, Freud, Albert Camus, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Muhammad. Here are a few examples of different moral philosophies:. More precisely, the first step in determining whether the course of action one is about to take is morally correct or not is to actually formulate that action and provide a reasoning for it. Want to Break Away from the Shackles of Assignments?
Discussing the morality of capital punishment. Bevir, M. Then, moral philosophy essay, arrange these points in a logical order and add transitional phrases to connect them. Bentham, Jeremy, John Stuart Mill. The second part is the appetites, with their job being to…. It is for this reason that an examination of our philosophies has a practical value to daily living. He argued that moral principles cannot moral philosophy essay realized through examining people's behavior, but they are derived purely through rationality and reason.
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